Pattern-making
The pattern-maker transfers the style guidelines onto a wooden last, in order to get a real-life notion of how the shoe will look.
Closing
Closing is the step of sewing together the various components that make up the vamp and its lining. The individual pieces are first glued together and the overlaid sections are flattened before sewing.
Lasting, application and trimming of the sole
Lasting and making is the complex process of putting together the components of the shoe that involves a series of steps aimed at making the leather fit perfectly to the last.
Finishing
The final operation, and perhaps the most important one, is finishing the upper. In order to restore the original shine and softness of the leather which were inevitably altered in making the shoe, the upper is washed with special, neutral detergents and then treated with waxes and natural creams.
Pattern-making
The pattern-maker transfers the style guidelines onto a wooden last, in order to get a real-life notion of how the shoe will look.

Cutting the Vamp
Cutting the vamp is a task that only a true expert who is deeply familiar with leather can perform with the necessary care, using only the finest part of the hide.

Closing
Closing is the step of sewing together the various components that make up the vamp and its lining. The individual pieces are first glued together and the overlaid sections are flattened before sewing.

Lasting, application and trimming of the sole
Lasting and making is the complex process of putting together the components of the shoe that involves a series of steps aimed at making the leather fit perfectly to the last.

Finishing
The final operation, and perhaps the most important one, is finishing the upper. In order to restore the original shine and softness of the leather which were inevitably altered in making the shoe, the upper is washed with special, neutral detergents and then treated with waxes and natural creams.
